What Is AQP? Understanding the Advanced Qualification Program and Why Airlines Use It.

The Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) is an FAA-approved training system designed to prepare airline pilots using a data-driven and scenario-based approach. Rather than following a rigid checklist of maneuvers, AQP tailors training to real-world performance and airline-specific operations. It emphasizes Crew Resource Management (CRM), decision-making, and line-oriented flying to ensure pilots are ready for the realities of commercial aviation.

AQP is broken into several structured phases, each building on the one before it—from classroom learning to simulator training to real-world flying. Here’s how it works:

1. Indoctrination (Indoc)

The first phase, Indoc, introduces pilots to the airline’s operational culture and expectations. This includes company history, safety management systems, reporting processes, dispatch coordination, and FAA regulations. Pilots also learn about rest policies, performance standards, and operational control. Indoc sets the tone for how the airline functions and what it expects from every crewmember.

2. Aircraft Systems Training

After Indoc, pilots begin Aircraft Systems training. This portion covers every major aircraft system—electrical, hydraulic, pneumatic, fuel, flight controls, and avionics. Pilots learn normal, abnormal, and emergency operations using CBT (computer-based training), guided instruction, and technical discussions. By the end, pilots must understand not only how each system operates individually but also how they interact as an integrated whole.

3. Systems Integration Procedures (SIPs)

Next is SIPs (Systems Integration Procedures). This phase bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and hands-on flying. Using cockpit mock-ups or fixed training devices, pilots begin practicing normal and abnormal flows, checklist use, and crew callouts.

SIPs build comfort with the cockpit environment and help crews form solid communication habits before stepping into the simulator.

4. Knowledge Validation (KV)

Before moving to the full-motion simulator, pilots must complete the Knowledge Validation (KV). The KV ensures pilots have retained and can apply all aircraft systems knowledge effectively.

It typically includes oral questioning and procedural reviews with instructors. Passing the KV confirms that pilots are ready to transition from procedural learning to applied performance in the simulator.

5. Simulator Training and Maneuvers Validation (MV)

Simulator Training is conducted in a Level D full-motion simulator that replicates the actual aircraft in every detail. Pilots practice normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures, including takeoffs, landings, stalls, rejected takeoffs, and engine failures.

The culmination of this phase is the Maneuvers Validation (MV)—a critical evaluation that measures a pilot’s proficiency in handling specific tasks and maintaining proper CRM under pressure. Passing the MV demonstrates the pilot’s technical and procedural competence to progress to full line-oriented operations.

6. Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT) and Line-Oriented Evaluation (LOE)

Following the MV, pilots enter Line-Oriented Flight Training (LOFT), where the focus shifts from individual maneuvers to complete flight scenarios. LOFT sessions simulate a real airline flight from pushback to shutdown, emphasizing judgment, communication, and workload management.

The final evaluation, the Line-Oriented Evaluation (LOE), tests how pilots handle realistic, unscripted operational events such as weather deviations, MEL items, and ATC changes. It’s essentially a “day on the line” inside the simulator.

7. Initial Operating Experience (IOE)

Once simulator training is complete, new pilots transition to Initial Operating Experience (IOE)—flying actual airline routes with a check airman. IOE provides the first opportunity to apply everything learned in a real-world environment with live ATC, passengers, and time constraints.

Typical IOE durations range from 25–40 hours for first officers and longer for captains. The goal is to ensure proficiency, professionalism, and confidence before being released to line flying.

Why Airlines Use AQP

The biggest advantage of AQP is its data-driven adaptability. Airlines continuously collect and analyze performance data from each training event, identifying patterns and adjusting the curriculum as needed. If data shows that crews struggle with certain scenarios—like unstable approaches or automation management—AQP allows the airline to adjust training immediately instead of waiting for the next FAA revision cycle.

This continuous improvement loop keeps training relevant, standardized, and focused on real-world operational safety.

In Summary

AQP takes pilot training beyond the checkride. From Indoc to IOE, each phase is designed to create pilots who are not just proficient in the simulator but fully prepared for the line. The addition of stages like Knowledge Validation and LOFT/LOE ensures every pilot is evaluated on their ability to think, communicate, and act like a professional airline crewmember.